![]() ![]() PEEP is routinely used in mechanical ventilation to prevent collapse of distal alveoli, and to promote. PEEP acts to distend distal alveoli, assuming there is no airway obstruction. ![]() Anatomic dead space is age dependent and is > 3 ml/kg in early infancy. Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) is the maintenance of positive pressure (above atmospheric) at the airway opening at the end of expiration. The following relationship between total anatomic dead space (DStotal in ml/kg) and age (in yr) is derived: DStotal = 3.28 - 0.56, with r = 0.95 and P = 0.0001. Functional residual capacity is also reduced in patients with tetraplegia, especially during periods of acute respiratory illness. Mean intrathoracic anatomic dead space was 1.03 ml/kg and was not related to age. It is found in the thorax, separating the lungs from its surrounding structures such as the thoracic cage and intercostal spaces, the mediastinum and the diaphragm. ![]() Extrathoracic dead space per kilogram decreased exponentially with increasing age, ranging from 2.3 ml/kg in early infancy to 0.8 ml/kg in children older than 6 yr. The pleural cavity is a fluid filled space that surrounds the lungs. Intrathoracic dead space was measured by continuous analysis of end-tidal and mixed-expired PCO2 and minute ventilation in 10 patients, aged 18 days to 14.7 yr. Extrathoracic dead space was measured by a "water displacement" technique in 40 patients aged 7 days to 14.2 yr who were intubated with cuffed endotracheal tubes. This air is the anatomic dead space, which can be estimated. Because of the relatively large head size of infants and children, we hypothesized that extrathoracic and, therefore, total dead space would be relatively larger in pediatric subjects. When the child inspires to total lung capacity, then exhales as hard as possible to RV the. In adults, anatomic dead space is 2.2 ml/kg. ![]()
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